31.11. VLANs
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## 31.11. VLANs

VLANs are a way of virtually dividing up a network into many different subnetworks, also referred to as segmenting. Each segment will have its own broadcast domain and be isolated from other VLANs.

在 FreeBSD 上，要使用 VLANs 必須有網路卡驅動程式的支援，要查看那些驅動程式支援 vlan，請參考 vlan(4) 操作手冊。

When configuring a VLAN, a couple pieces of information must be known. First, which network interface? Second, what is the VLAN tag?

To configure VLANs at run time, with a NIC of `em0` and a VLAN tag of `5` the command would look like this:

    # ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 inet 192.168.20.20/24

### 注意:

See how the interface name includes the NIC driver name and the VLAN tag, separated by a period? This is a best practice to make maintaining the VLAN configuration easy when many VLANs are present on a machine.

To configure VLANs at boot time, `/etc/rc.conf` must be updated. To duplicate the configuration above, the following will need to be added:

    vlans_em0="5"
    ifconfig_em0_5="inet 192.168.20.20/24"

Additional VLANs may be added, by simply adding the tag to the `vlans_`em0`` field and adding an additional line configuring the network on that VLAN tag's interface.

It is useful to assign a symbolic name to an interface so that when the associated hardware is changed, only a few configuration variables need to be updated. For example, security cameras need to be run over VLAN 1 on `em0`. Later, if the `em0` card is replaced with a card that uses the ixgb(4) driver, all references to `em0.1` will not have to change to `ixgb0.1`.

To configure VLAN `5`, on the NIC `em0`, assign the interface name `cameras`, and assign the interface an IP address of ``192.168.20.20`` with a `24`-bit prefix, use this command:

    # ifconfig em0.5 create vlan 5 vlandev em0 name cameras inet 192.168.20.20/24

For an interface named `video`, use the following:

    # ifconfig video.5 create vlan 5 vlandev video name cameras inet 192.168.20.20/24

To apply the changes at boot time, add the following lines to `/etc/rc.conf`:

    vlans_video="camera"
    create_args_camera="vlan 5"
    ifconfig_camera="inet 192.168.20.20/24"

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