The first version of this article used a single shell script for stage one where all your customization had to be done by editing the script. After valuable user feedback I have decided to separate the code and data in the scripts. This allows to have different configuration data sets to install different systems without changing any of the code scripts.
The code script for stage one is
stage_1.sh
and when run with exactly one
argument, like
#
./stage_1.sh
default
will read its configuration from
stage_1.conf.default
and write a log to
stage_1.log.default
.
Further below you find my stage_1.conf.default
.
You need to customize it in various places to match your idea of the
“perfect system”. I have tried to extensively comment
the places you should adapt. The configuration script must provide
four shell functions, create_file_systems
,
create_etc_fstab
, copy_files
and all_remaining_customization
(in case it
matters: this is also the sequence in which they will be called
from stage_1.sh
).
The points to ponder are:
Partition layout.
I do not subscribe to the idea of a single huge partition
for the whole system. My systems generally have at least
one partition for
/
,
/usr
and
/var
with
/tmp
symlinked to
/var/tmp
.
In addition I share the file systems for
/home
(user homes),
/home/ncvs
(FreeBSD CVS repository replica),
/usr/ports
(the ports tree),
/src
(various checked out src trees) and
/share
(other shared data without the need
for backups, like the news spool).
Luxury items.
What you want immediately after booting the new system and
even before starting stage two. The reason for not simply
chrooting to the new system during stage one and installing
all my beloved ports is that in theory and in practice there
are bootstrap and consistency issues: stage one has your old
kernel running, but the chrooted environment consists of new
binaries and headers. If the new binaries use a new system
call, these binaries will die with SIGSYS, Bad
system call
, because the old kernel does not have
that system call. I have seen other issues when I tried
building lang/perl5.8.
Before you run stage_1.sh
make sure
you have completed the usual tasks in preparation for
make installworld installkernel
, like:
configured your kernel config file
successfully completed make buildworld
successfully completed make buildkernel
KERNCONF=
whatever
When you run stage_1.sh
for the first
time, and the config files copied from your running system to the
new system are not up-to-date with respect to what is under
/usr/src
, mergemaster
will
ask you how to proceed. I recommend merging the changes. If you get
tired of going through the dialogues you can simply update the files
on your running system once (Only if this is an
option. You probably do not want to do this if one of your systems
runs -STABLE
and the other
-CURRENT
. The changes may be incompatible).
Subsequent mergemaster
invocations will detect
that the RCS version IDs match those under
/usr/src
and skip the file.
The stage_1.sh
script will stop at the
first command that fails (returns a non-zero exit status) due to
set -e
, so you cannot overlook errors. It will
also stop if you use an unset environment variable, probably due
to a typo. You should correct any errors in your version of
stage_1.conf.default
before you go on.
In stage_1.sh
we invoke
mergemaster
. Even if none of the files requires a
merge, it will display and ask at the end
*** Comparison complete
*** Saving mtree database for future upgrades
Do you wish to delete what is left of /var/tmp/temproot.stage1? [no] no
Please answer no
or just hit
Enter. The reason is that mergemaster
will have left a few zero sized files below
/var/tmp/temproot.stage1
which will be copied to the
new system later (unless already there).
After that mergemaster
will list the files it
installed and ask if the new login.conf
should be
generated:
*** You chose the automatic install option for files that did not exist on your system. The following were installed for you: /newroot/etc/defaults/rc.conf ... /newroot/COPYRIGHT *** You installed a new aliases file into /newroot/etc/mail, but the newaliases command is limited to the directories configured in sendmail.cf. Make sure to create your aliases database by hand when your sendmail configuration is done. *** You installed a login.conf file, so make sure that you run '/usr/bin/cap_mkdb /newroot/etc/login.conf' to rebuild your login.conf database Would you like to run it now? y or n [n]
The answer does not matter since stage_1.sh
will
run cap_mkdb(1) for you in any case.
Here is the author's stage_1.conf.default
,
which you need to modify substantially. The comments give you
enough information what to change.
# This file: stage_1.conf.default, sourced by stage_1.sh. # # $Id: stage_1.conf.default,v 1.5 2011-05-14 20:44:31 hrs Exp $ # $FreeBSD: head/en_US.ISO8859-1/articles/fbsd-from-scratch/stage_1.conf.default 38826 2012-05-17 19:12:14Z hrs $ # Root mount point where you create the new system. Because it is only # used as a mount point, no space will be used on that file system as all # files are of course written to the mounted file system(s). DESTDIR="/newroot" # Where your src tree is. SRC="/usr/src" # Where your obj is. MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX="/usr/obj" # Your kernel config name as from make buildkernel KERNCONF=... KERNCONF="HAL9000" # Your target architecture as used for make buildworld TARGET=... # If you did not specify a TARGET when building world, it defaulted # to the build architecture (run "uname -m" to find out if you are unsure). TARGET="i386" # amd64 arm i386 ia64 mips pc98 powerpc sparc64 # Available time zones are those under /usr/share/zoneinfo. TIMEZONE="Europe/Berlin" # # The create_file_systems function must create the mountpoints under # DESTDIR, create the file systems, and then mount them under DESTDIR. # create_file_systems () { # The new root file system. Mandatory. # Change DEVICE names. DEVICE=/dev/daXYZs1a mkdir -m 755 -p ${DESTDIR} chown root:wheel ${DESTDIR} newfs -U ${DEVICE} mount -o noatime ${DEVICE} ${DESTDIR} # Additional file systems and initial mount points. Optional. DEVICE=/dev/daXYZs1e mkdir -m 755 -p ${DESTDIR}/var chown root:wheel ${DESTDIR}/var newfs -U ${DEVICE} mount -o noatime ${DEVICE} ${DESTDIR}/var DEVICE=/dev/daXYZs1e mkdir -m 755 -p ${DESTDIR}/usr chown root:wheel ${DESTDIR}/usr newfs -U ${DEVICE} mount -o noatime ${DEVICE} ${DESTDIR}/usr } # # The create_etc_fstab function must create an fstab matching the # file systems created in create_file_systems. # create_etc_fstab () { cat <<EOF >${DESTDIR}/etc/fstab # Device Mountpoint FStype Options Dump Pass# /dev/da0s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/da1s1b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/da2s2b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/da3s2b none swap sw 0 0 /dev/da0s1a / ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da0s1e /var ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/da2s1e /usr ufs rw,noatime 1 1 /dev/vinum/Share /share ufs rw,noatime 0 2 /dev/vinum/home /home ufs rw,noatime 0 2 /dev/vinum/ncvs /home/ncvs ufs rw,noatime 0 2 /dev/vinum/ports /usr/ports ufs rw,noatime 0 2 /dev/ad1s1a /flash ufs rw,noatime 0 0 /dev/ad0s1 /2k ntfs ro,noauto 0 0 /dev/ad0s6 /linux ext2fs ro,noauto 0 0 # /dev/cd0 /cdrom cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 /dev/cd1 /dvd cd9660 ro,noauto 0 0 proc /proc procfs rw 0 0 linproc /compat/linux/proc linprocfs rw 0 0 EOF chmod 644 ${DESTDIR}/etc/fstab chown root:wheel ${DESTDIR}/etc/fstab } # # The copy_files function is used to copy files before mergemaster is run. # copy_files () { # Add or remove from this list at your discretion. Mostly mandatory. for f in \ /.profile \ /etc/devd.conf \ /etc/devd.rules \ /etc/exports \ /etc/group \ /etc/hosts \ /etc/inetd.conf \ /etc/ipfw.conf \ /etc/make.conf \ /etc/master.passwd \ /etc/nsswitch.conf \ /etc/ntp.conf \ /etc/printcap \ /etc/profile \ /etc/rc.conf \ /etc/resolv.conf \ /etc/src.conf \ /etc/sysctl.conf \ /etc/ttys \ /etc/mail/aliases \ /etc/mail/aliases.db \ /etc/mail/hal9000.mc \ /etc/mail/service.switch \ /etc/ssh/*key* \ /etc/ssh/*_config \ /etc/X11/xorg.conf \ /var/cron/tabs/* \ /root/.profile \ /boot/*.bmp \ /boot/loader.conf \ /boot/device.hints ; do cp -p ${f} ${DESTDIR}${f} done } # # Everything else you want to tune in the new system. # NOTE: Do not install too many binaries here. With the old system running and # the new binaries and headers installed you are likely to run into bootstrap # problems. Ports should be compiled after you have booted in the new system. # all_remaining_customization () { # Without the compat symlink the linux_base files end up on the root fs: cd ${DESTDIR} mkdir -m 755 usr/compat; chown root:wheel usr/compat; ln -s usr/compat mkdir -m 755 usr/compat/linux; chown root:wheel usr/compat/linux mkdir -m 555 usr/compat/linux/proc; chown root:wheel usr/compat/linux/proc mkdir -m 755 boot/grub; chown root:wheel boot/grub mkdir -m 755 linux 2k; chown root:wheel linux 2k mkdir -m 755 src; chown root:wheel src mkdir -m 755 share; chown root:wheel share mkdir -m 755 dvd cdrom flash; chown root:wheel dvd cdrom flash mkdir -m 755 home; chown root:wheel home mkdir -m 755 usr/ports; chown root:wheel usr/ports # Create the ntp and slip log files. touch ${DESTDIR}/var/log/ntp ${DESTDIR}/var/log/slip.log # Make /usr/src point to the right directory. Optional. # Note: some ports need part of the src tree, e.g. emulators/kqemu, # sysutils/lsof, sysutils/fusefs, ... cd ${DESTDIR}/usr if test "${SRC}" != /usr/src; then rmdir src; ln -s ${SRC} fi if test "${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX}" != /usr/obj; then rmdir obj; ln -s ${MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX} fi # My personal preference is to symlink tmp -> var/tmp. Optional. cd ${DESTDIR}; rmdir tmp; ln -s var/tmp # Make spooldirs for the printers in my /etc/printcap. cd ${DESTDIR}/var/spool/output/lpd; mkdir -p as od ev te lp da touch ${DESTDIR}/var/log/lpd-errs # If you do not have /home on a shared partition, you may want to copy it: # mkdir -p ${DESTDIR}/home # cd /home; tar cf - . | (cd ${DESTDIR}/home; tar xpvf -) } # vim: tabstop=2:expandtab:shiftwidth=2:syntax=sh: # EOF $RCSfile: stage_1.conf.default,v $
Download stage_1.conf.default
.
Running this script installs a system that when booted provides:
Inherited users and groups.
Firewalled Internet connectivity over Ethernet.
Correct time zone and NTP.
Some more minor configuration, like
/etc/ttys
and
inetd
.
Other areas are prepared for configuration, but will not work until stage two is completed. For example we have copied files to configure printing and X11. Printing however is likely to need applications not found in the base system, like PostScript® utilities. X11 will not run before we have compiled the server, libraries and programs.
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